It is well under control in North America due to aggressive vaccination programs, but our increasing population of wildlife remains a resevoir for this disease.
Vaccination is important
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About the bacterial disease known as Lepto or Leptospirosis. This is a disease that is transferable to humans and other mammals.
World wide, Lepto is a major cause of serious illness and death and is also considered to be the most widespread zoonotic disease in the world.
The only reason Lepto disease isn't a huge problem in the United States is because of the extensive measures we take to help ensure water quality to include sewage treatment, rat and rodent control, and because we routinely vaccinate our cattle, swine, sheep, goats, and dogs.
Cats get leptospirosis too but are not commonly affected. They seem to have a natural resistance to the disease.
Unfortunately, while we have vaccines available for most domestic animals and even for deer, at present there is not a vaccine available for humans.
Other Infectious Diseases of Dogs & Cats and other interesting pages:
Lepto thrives in waterways and is then spread to humans and other mammals through the urine of rats, dogs, cattle, swine, and wild life. This is a major zoonotic disease in the world.
Introduction: There are multiple strains of Leptospira, which is a bacteria
(same family as syphllis) that affect many species of animals including cattle, swine, dogs, and humans.
In the United States, the problem used to be mainly seen in rural hunting dogs exposed to wildlife but now the disease seems to be shifting to the suburbs and urban areas. This is due in part to the huge number of people traveling to endemic areas of the world and then returning to the home as well as the huge increase of wild life in our suburban and urban areas.
To include Femoral Head Removal, Hip Dysplasia, Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries, Panosteitis, Radiographic Demonstrations, Disc Disease, and Bone Surgery
Cardiology Heart disease in Cats, Cardiac Hypertrophy, Valvular disease, Cardiac Insufficiency, Congestive Heart Failure, Heartworm Disease, and a little history about the milestones in treating heart disease
Cats: general information page and directory of diseases and problems specific to cats including vaccine recommendations, leukemia, feline viral infections, feline upper respiratory disease and cats that just aren't feeling well.
Hormone Diseases: Diabetes, Thyroid Disease, Cushing's Disease or Hypercortisolism, Addison's disease or Hypocortisolism, Pancreatitis, obesity as a disease
Intestinal problems: diarrhea, constipation, torsion, indigestion, and gas. Also pancreatitis, vomiting, esophagitis, colitis, parvo and other types of dysentery
Metabolic Diseases: Diabetes, Thyroid Disease, Cushing's Disease or Hypercortisolism, Addison's disease or Hypocortisolism, Pancreatitis, obesity as a disease
Skeletal-Muscular Problems Arthritis, Fractures, ACL, Ligament Injuries, Disc Disease, Pannus, and many other problems of the bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments
Surgery: Spays, Castrations, Testicle Recipes, Soft Tissue Surgery, Hard Tissue Surgery (Bones), C- Sections, Declawing, Tumor Removal and Cancer Surgery
Includes information about feline and canine heat or estrus, breeding, C-Sections, pyometra or Infected Uterus, dystocia, no milk, mastitis, & brucellosis
Also newborn care, undescended testicles, and alternative to spaying and castration
Dog of all ages may be affected, and there is no sex predilection. The incubation period is 4-12 days.
Nonspecific signs such as fever, depression, anorexia, and generalized pain may be seen during this time.
Diseases of the blood such as vasculitis, thrombocytopenia, and coagulopathy may develop.
Within a few days, additional signs of uremia such as dehydration, vomiting, and oral ulceration, are seen.
The liver is variably affected, and the degree of icterus often reflects the severity of the disease.
Meningitis, uveitis, and abortion have been rarely reported.
Laboratory findings include leukocytosis, lymphopenia, monocytosis, and thrombocytopenia.
Serum chemistry may reveal azotemia and electrolyte disturbances secondary to the renal failure, including hyponatremia, hypochloremia, and hyperphosphatemia. Serum levels of hepatic enzymes (AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase) and serum bilirubin increases if the liver is affected.
Urine sediment usually contains RBC, WBC, and granular casts. Isosthenuria, proteinuria, and glucosuria reflect tubular damage.
We take it for granted in many countries, but rodent control, regular garbage pick up, waste water treatment, and vaccination programs keep us relatively safe from terrible diseases like Lepto that plague many other countries. In the United States, there are about 200 cases in humans reported each year and probably many, many, more cases that go unrecognized.
In the United States, the disease is most prevalent in Hawaii.
Leptospirosis is a water borne bacteria. Dogs and people are exposed where ever deer and other wildlife may have contaminated run off water with urine. This picture was taken in Huntsville, Alabama but Perception kayaks are made in Greenville, South Carolina.
Speaking of Greenville, South Carolina.... the downtown area is now very beautiful, pleasant ... and booming. I especially like to see all the people walking their dogs and enjoying outdoor dining. Hopefully more and more small cities and towns will enjoy a renaissance.
Lesions seen in pathology or necropsy: In acute disease, the kidneys or liver, or both are swollen. Hemorrhages may be present in any organ. Other lesions may include any of those seen with acute uremia. In chronic cases, white or gray foci or streaks may be seen in the kidney and liver. Histologically, lesions in acute disease are those of acute uremia, including acute interstitial nephritis and possible hepatitis. In chronic disease, the only lesions may be chronic interstitial nephritis or chronic active hepatitis, or both.
Treatment: Renal failure and liver disease are treated with fluid therapy and other supportive measures to maintain normal fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.
Antibiotic therapy consists of penicillin, tetracycline, or doxycycline to eliminate leptospiremia, followed by tetracycline or doxycycline to eliminate the renal carrier phase.
Tetracycline should be used with caution in azotemic animals. The fluoroquinolone antibiotics such as enrofloxacin also appear to be leptospirocidal.
Prevention/Prophylaxis:
To reduce the chances of exposure, owners are advised to engage in rodent control and keep their dogs leashed.
During epidemics, confinement to the owner's premises should be recommended.
Multivalent vaccines are available and should be administered every 6-8 months to maintain a protective titer for dogs at risk, especially show, stud, or hunting dogs.
Many vets argue that most dogs in the United States are now at risk being exposed to yards and parks where deer, coons, possums, coyotes, and rats have urinated.
Because lepto is a bacteria, vaccination tends to give much shorter duration of protection than viral vaccines.
Also because the lepto vaccine is bacterial in nature, it is more likely to cause a vaccine reaction than other vaccines and is often omitted from the first puppy vaccine or in pets highly reactive to vaccines.
Leptospirosis causes inflammation of the blood vessels which leads to capillary rupture and excessivel bruising which then leads to necrotic tissue as in the hog above.
The holsteins above are healthy but without aggressive herd vaccination programs lepto can be devastating to herd health and our milk and meat supply.