VETERINARY HISTORY

1880-1900
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There are many more links to our other pages below on your left. There's a complete directory of links at the bottom of the page 



1880's

One farmer out of every four was a tenant farmer.

Of gainfully employed persons, 49 percent were engaged in agriculture.

Evaporated milk developed.






















1881
First electrical tram (in Berlin)
War of the Pacific over Salt Peter
First vaccine developed for anthrax by Louis Pasteur 





















Buffalo Soldiers  circa 1880's



From the Iowa Veterinary School website:

Small town veterinarians were not common until the 1880s and 90s, and Iowa’s first veterinarians were generally concerned with large animal (farm livestock) practice. Farmers sent for the veterinarian by messenger and later by telephone. The vet gathered his tools and medicines and went to the farm in his buggy.

While the vet was making rounds, his clinic was left open for passing farmers to wait inside. Inside the clinic, a cage separated doctor’s pharmacy area from his waiting room. The cage prevented farmers from borrowing what they thought they needed while the vet was out on a call!

Most farmers felt they knew as much as the veterinarian and practiced a great deal of self-help medicine on their animals. A veterinary license was not needed until the turn of the century; until that time the vet competed with the farmer and any “quack” medicine a patent company chose to put out.

The vet himself often developed his own specific formulas for medicines and acted as his own drug store. Balance scales, mortars, and apothecary bottles were standard equipment for the veterinary clinic.

Early veterinary medicine suffered from the same constraints as human medicine. Germ theory was not a fixed institution until the late 1890s and medicines were often opium or alcohol based. However, veterinarians were medical pioneers.

Their work in eliminating diseases such as hog cholera and bovine forms of malarial fevers provided ground work for later advances in human immunization, disease theory and food safety inspection.

Vets were pioneers in surgery as well; they perfected pins and screws for shattered bones and artificial joints in animals before these concepts were applied to human medicine.






1882 

First rabies vaccine developed by Louis Pasteur  

Koch discovers the TB bacillus

Modern cream separator invented.

Tubercle bacillus isolated by German bacteriologist.

Edison designs first hydro-electric plant in Wisconsin

English take over Egypt

US bans Chinese immigrants for 10 years

1883

Methods developed to detect food adulteration; precursor to Pure Food and Drug Act.

Note:  This period in history is the first time when large groups of ordinary people would ban together in trade unions, protest groups, professional organizations and so forth demanding changes from political leaders.  Demands for food ... especially milk, poultry, and meat ... that weren't spoiled, watered down, or treated with chemicals (formaldehyde in milk !) were big issues among the many women's groups that were forming in this period.  This was a huge issue in the elections of the turn of the century.  This issue of food quality and standards was also a huge reason why so many veterinary colleges were started at this time ... a good thing too, for the veterinary profession as the car and truck would soon replace the horse.

First skyscrapper (10 stories) built in Chicago

First run of the Paris-Instanbul Orient Express

Bismarck introduces "Sickness" insurance to the world

French occupation of Vietnam

Revolt of the Mahdi ends in the British leaving Sudan
Note: I mention this event because it's representative of the great changes in the old world order ...  in the late 1800's Spain's remaining empire crumbles, and the huge portion of the world still under Britain's control starts to rebel or otherwise breakaway ... often semi peaceably as in the case of Canada, and the break up of the Ottoman Empire that started in the 1850's will lead to war after war around the Mediterranean ending in eruption of World War 1 ... then World War 2 ... then unresolved issues in the Middle East that continue to this day



1884

First Federal animal quarantine law enacted.

Faced with major disease epidemics in our equine and livestock populations the Bureau of Animal Industry established.  The BIA plays the major role in defining the veterinary profession until it is dissolved in 1953. 

All the major efforts to understand and eradicate diseases in our country's livestock, the entire food inspection industry, the number one employer of veterinarians in different roles, and the number one influence on what will be taught in veterinary schools is dominated by this political-scientific-professional-government bureau. 

The BIA is frequently criticized and suffers it's share of political controversies...including the resigning of the BIA's first and long time director Dr. Daniel Salmon in possible wrong doing...but overall the BIA accomplishments are largely responsible for a country that would become the world's most awesome and primier producer of wholesome food.

More on the BIA:  within 5 years achieves much success in controlling Texas Tick Fever using scientific investigative methods.

The German Imperial General Staff established the world's very first Military War Dog School, at Lechernich, near Berlin, and started to train dogs as sentries and as messengers; the dog units were first mentioned officially in 1884, and again in 1886, in their Army's Field Service Regulations, for work with their armed services. 



1885

Spanish physician Jaime Ferrán (1852-1929) developed a cholera vaccine. His vaccine was the first to immunize humans against a bacterial disease.

Ferrán had worked on veterinary vaccines in Spain following Pasteur’s publications on the attenuation of microbes. He created the cholera vaccine by cultivating bacteria taken from the waste of a person ill with cholera and growing the bacteria on nutrient culture at room temperature. The material was then administered to subjects via one to three injections in the arm.

Ferrán was soon requested to go to Valencia, where he vaccinated about 50,000 people during a cholera epidemic.

Scientific commissions soon descended on Valencia to evaluate the efficacy of the vaccine. The reports were mixed, with some declaring that Ferrán had succeeded, and others that the vaccine was not effective.

Ferran was widely criticized for attempting to keep the method of creating his vaccine secret. In his defense, he asserted that he needed compensation for the creation of the vaccine to support his studies and his family.

During the rest of his career, Ferrán would develop vaccines for plague, tetanus, typhus, tuberculosis, and rabies.

Pasteur develps the first vaccine for Rabies. 
In 1880, a Parisian veterinarian had sent Louis Pasteur samples from two dogs that had died of rabies. The number of rabid dogs had increased in Paris, and veterinarians had become concerned about the problem.

Pasteur then began careful work on rabies, attempting to infect other animals with rabies and identify the site and cause of infection.

First fungicide invented from lime and copper sulphate, known as the Bordeaux mixture.
Note: This was a big deal... horses and cattle with soft and rotten feet from standing in muck were miserable and useless and this was a very, very common problem.
As a young veterinarian a hundred years later in 1985 I used this toxic concoction ... brand named "CopperTox" to treat hoof rot and other diseases of the feet in cattle.

Mr Eastman invents photographic paper

Mr Benz develops gasoline engine
Note: Not to belabor the point, but this invention would change drastically how we in the future were to live.  As for the veterinary profession ... which was 90% horse related ... it changed us from a horse oriented profession to a farm animal - food safety profession.  Much later starting after World War 2, our profession evolved to also include companion animal medicine.



1886

Injected killed, whole-cell vaccine of hog cholera into pigeons to demonstrate immunity to subsequent administration of a live microbial culture.

Pasteur Institute founded in Paris

Statue of Liberty dedicated

1887

Hatch Experiment Station Act provided Federal grants to states for agricultural experimentation.

Goodwin invents celluloid film

First contact lenses developed by Adolf Frick

Queen Victoria celebrates Golden Jubilee

1888

Office of Experiment Stations established.

Refrigerated boxcars made first long-haul shipments of produce and meat.

Vedalia beetles imported from Australia to control fluted scale on citrus, the first successful biological control program of a crop pest.

Mr Tesla invents first electric motor

Mr Eastmans perfects the box camera

Mr Hertz identifies radio waves

Mr Dunlop invents the pneumatic tire

Jack the Ripper kills 6 women




1889

Department of Agriculture given cabinet status.

Felix Hoffman develops aspirin (acetyl salicylic acid). The juice from willow tree bark had been used as early as 400 BC to relieve pain. 19th century scientists knew that it was the salicylic acid in the willow that made it work, but it irritated the lining of the mouth and stomach. Hoffman synthesizes acetyl salicylic acid, developing what is now the most widely used medicine in the world.

Eiffel Tower erected

Insulin used to treat diabetes for the first time

Dakota, Washington, and Montana become States

Brazil becomes a republic







On Other Pages

Introduction to the History of Veterinary Medicine

Veterinary Medicine before 1800

1800-1850

1850-1880

1900-1910

1910-1920

1920-1950

1950's    

1960's    

1970's    

1980's    

1990's

Veterinary History: The 2000's   
 
Also

Women & Minorities in Veterinary Medicine 

A very interesting profile of the very first female veterianry students from Cornell's website

Wars that started because of pigs   

The interesting battle against Hoof and Mouth Disease on the Mexican Border,   
Black Leg Disease, and Anthrax

A short history of Biological Warfare

History of Antibiotics including the critical role played by the Pfizer Company

A little history about some milestones in treating heart disease

Veterinary History of South Carolina

A history of the Pet Food Industry

On Our Other Pages
(not about History)

Home/Contents

Why some vets are so expensive

Abscesses The treatment of wounds, lacerations etc

Arthritis, Lameness, Joint and Bone Problems

Behavior Issues & Treatment

Birds

Bladder & Kidney Problems Infections, Stones, Crystals, Incontinence

Blood Disorders; Strokes, Vascular Diseases, Anemias, DVT, DIC, Blood Parasites, Rat Poison, Bleeding disorders etc

Cancer; Masses, Lumps and Bumps.  Surgical Treatment of Masses

Cats: Fun or interesting stuff about cats and a discussion about the diseases common in our feline companions to include Leukemia, Feline AIDS, & Cat Scratch Fever.

Cats that just aren't feeling well

Dentistry Discussion about the great importance of gum health and Oral Hygiene.

Diabetes
About the diagnosis and treatment of this very common problem in both cats and dogs

Dogs:  a hodge podge page of stuff about dogs.

Ear Problems
How I treat ear mites, ear allergies, aural hematomas, and ear infections.  This is my forte.

Eye Problems  and Ophthalmic Diseases Including:
Cataracts, Corneal Ulcers, Ingrown Lashes, Disautomia, Retinal problems, and Excessive Tearing

Exotics:  Pocket Pets, Rabbits, Hamsters and other little creatures

Heart disease; Cardiac diseases, vascular diseases, Stroke, heartworm treatment and prevention

History of Veterinary Medicine; lots of interesting stuff    

History of the Discovery of Antibiotics

The Human-Animal Bond
Comments & Stories about this topic close to my heart

Infectious Diseases  Colds, Distemper, Parvo, Lepto, Bruceellosis, Panleukopenia, Feline AIDS, Leukemia, Hepatitis, Kennel Cough, Ringworm, Rabies, FIP, Canine Herpes, Toxic Shock Syndrome, & More

Insurance:
Why I like and recommend Pet Insurance

Intestinal problems:diarrhea, constipation, torsion, indigestion, and gas.  Parvo, Dysentery

Kidney Diseases

Lab Tests; what they tell us

Liver Diseases     

Medications/Pharmacy Page

Metabolic Diseases: Diabetes, Thyroid Disease, Cushing's, Addison's, Pancreatitis, obesity as a disease

Neural Problems and Diseases: Epilepsy, Rabies, Distemper, FIP, Paralysis, Tetanus, Seizures, Disc Disease, Toxoplasmosis & others

Nutrition & Diet: General information
Including a surprise; who makes the diet your pet is eating?

Nutrition: Therapeutic Prescription Diets used to Treat Diseases To Include:
Diabetes, Diseases of the Gastro-Intestinal Tract, Heart Disease, Joint Diseases, Skin problems, Weight problems, Urinary Tract problems, and Kidney Disease.

Parasite Problems; Fleas, Ticks, Heartworms, Intestinal Worms, Mosquitos, Lice, Mites, and other welfare recipients

Poisons  Snakes, Insects, household chemicals, plants, and foods that might poison your pet

Reproduction/Sex/Babies
Discussion about problems related to the reproductive tract such as uterine infections, False Pregnancy, lack of milk, Infection of the mammary glands and trouble giving birth.  But also fun stuff like new born care. Aso about undescended testicles.

Respiratory Diseases

Senior Pet Page: Geriatric Medicine

Skeletal-Muscular Problems Arthritis, Fractures, ACL, Ligament Injuries, Disc Disease, Pannus, and many other problems of the bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments

Skin Problems: allergies, rashes, bacterial infections, and itching. Hair Loss, Yeast Infections, Hormonal Problems

Surgery: Spays, Castrations, Testicle Recipes, Soft Tissue Surgery, Hard Tissue Surgery (Bones), C- Sections, Declawing, Tumor Removal and Cancer Surgery

Wounds, punctures, injuries, and abscesses

Urinary Tract Diseases and Problems

Vaccine and other preventive health recommendations

WildLife Page:  Taking care of baby bunnies, squirrels, and birds.  A very funny story about beavers, and other misc information

Zoonotics: Diseases People get from Pets, Worms & other Parasites People get from Pets.



On Our Other Sites

About  Our No Kill Shelter   

About Our  Veterinary Clinic
An illustration that originally appeared in the Nov. 17, 1894, issue of the journal Scientific American showed doctors drawing blood from a horse to produce antitoxin for diphtheria.

The Claremont Riding Academy, on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, shut its doors for good a few months ago. As the oldest continuously operated stable in New York City, it reached back to an era when horses were as common as taxis are today, and it prompted thoughts of some of New York’s most heroic horses: the 13 beasts of burden used in 1894 to produce the miracle drug of their day, diphtheria antitoxin.
The horses and their successors were stabled for nearly two decades at the New York College of Veterinary Surgeons, on East 57th Street and Third Avenue. Initially joined by a few sheep, goats and dogs, the horses prevailed because they were larger and better antitoxin factories: when systematically injected with diphtheria toxin, their immune systems were prompted to develop neutralizing antibodies against the germ’s poison. (Most survived the injections with nothing more than a fever and loss of appetite, but over the years quite a few horses succumbed to even tiny doses of toxin.)

At the time, diphtheria was one of the most common killers of children ages 2 to 14. Its name comes from the Greek for “leather” because the organism that causes it, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, induces a thick, tenacious membrane at the back of the throat that blocks the airway. Even when doctors insert a tube to prevent suffocation, the microbe remains a deadly threat by secreting a toxin that can cause paralysis and heart and kidney damage within weeks.

From 1890 to 1893, the physicians Emil von Behring of Berlin and Émile Roux of Paris independently developed effective diphtheria antitoxin to counteract the disease. During the summer of 1894, when Dr. Hermann Biggs, the chief bacteriologist of the New York City Health Department, made a scientific tour of Europe, Dr. Behring and Dr. Roux were using horses to produce antitoxin on a grand scale with stunning results; it staved off death in as many as half of all cases, especially if administered within 24 hours of infection.

So impressed by what was essentially human history’s first effective treatment against a devastating infectious disease, Dr. Biggs ran to the nearest telegraph office to wire his colleagues to obtain some horses immediately. There was one hitch. Dr. Biggs needed $27,000 for this life-saving effort, but the city did not apportion the budget until Jan. 1, 1895. Dr. Biggs wanted to start immediately because the process of “ripening” a horse to produce antitoxin required three to six months; consequently, he and a colleague, Dr. T. Mitchell Prudden, paid for the horses themselves.

The animals were injected with toxin starting in October. By December, they were subjected to regular blood draws, in which one to four pints were removed and refrigerated for a few days. The antitoxin serum was then separated from the clotted blood and purified using chemical techniques developed by health department bacteriologists.

The first doses of what became a steady supply of diphtheria antitoxin were available on Jan. 1, 1895. The results were striking. In 1894, there were 2,870 diphtheria deaths in New York City; by 1900, the number was down to 1,400, and it declined steadily in the following decades.

Diphtheria antitoxin was one of the first of a long line of medical media sensations that have come to characterize our culture. The New York Herald organized a public fund-raising drive to support the antitoxin stable. Magazines and newspapers around the globe clamored to report on the “antitoxin horses.”

Ever conscious of the importance of public relations when it came to public health, Dr. Biggs took great pains to explain how the horses were treated like hospital patients, how the healthiest of horses were selected for this vital task, and that the animals were fed wholesome food and lived in pristine stables.

1890's

Developed simple test to determine butterfat content of milk.

The second Morrill Land-Grant College Act authorized separate land-grant colleges for Negroes—17 were established.


Meat Inspection Act authorized inspection of salted pork, bacon, and live animals intended for export, and the quarantine of imported animals.  But this only applied to exported meat!

Of gainfully employed persons, 43 percent were engaged in agriculture.

"Horse Doctors" have a lowly reputation/stereotype of being duplicitous, cigar-chomping, and eqated with the social position of drunken grooms and vulgar farm hands. 

Robert Jennings remembered that his efforts to establish the first veterinary school in Philadelphia foundered because "young men of education and respectability would not engage in a profession of so low a standing"

























It's not surprising that because of the above stereotyping of so called horse doctors, legitimate veterinary school graduates of this era push for legislation for licensure and state practice acts restricting veterinary care to lincensed veterinarians of accredited veterinary schools.

This is an era when more and more Americans are getting their meats not from local farmers but rather from huge meat packing companies.  In 1890, for example, over 5 million beef cattle are processed in the slaughter houses of Chicago; the center of meat packing in the U.S. 

Problems, unhealthy practices, and consumer concerns in this industry will soon lead to major state and national food safety regulations involving thousands of veterinarians during future decades.

Nitrifying bacteria isolated from soil.

First moving picture show in New York City

Global Flu epidemic

First steel framed building

Rubber gloves used for the first time in surgery

Bismarck dismissed and Germany adopts Marxism

Emil von Behring discovers antitoxins and uses them to develop tetanus and diphtheria vaccines.

1891

First comprehensive list of animal and human parasites developed; today it comprises more than 30 volumes.

Famine in Russia leading to a wave of immigration to America, Palestine, and France including Marie Curie from Poland (then a part of Russia) where she will contribute to the amazing new technology of radiation.

A short period in history of Long Cattle Drives in the 1890's but the Indian Wars are all but over and soon railways will become available across the country.

Bacteria shown to cause plant diseases, including tumors.

Antibodies proposed as responsible for immunity.

Conan Doyle introduces Sherlock Holmes




































Wheat harvest circa 1990
Wilhelm Roentgen  discovers and makes images with x rays in 1895.  Within months X-rays were being used by battlefield physicians to locate bullets in wounded soldiers..  Veterinarians started using this amazing new technology in the early 1900's
1899

Aspirin first manufactured

First magnetic recording of sound

Boer War starts  Young Winston Churchill becomes a prisoner of war for a short period

Sigmund Freud interpets dreams

Boxer revolt in China kicking out all foreigners



1892
Laws passed by The American Humane Association "prohibiting the repetition of experiments on animals for the purpose of teaching or demonstrating well known accepted facts."

The American Welfare Institute Founded

The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS)

First successful gasoline engine farm tractor built by John Froelich.

Viruses discovered.

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia eradicated.

Cotton boll weevil found near Brownville, TX.

1893

Cause of cattle tick fever discovered; demonstrated that a disease-producing microorganism could be transmitted by an arthropod from one animal to another.

Karl Benz builds 4 wheel car

Rudolf Diesel patents diesel engine

Henry Ford builds his first car

World Expedition in Chicago

Zulu revolt in South Africa

U.S. experiences an economic crisis: 642 banks fail and 16,000 businesses close. As produce prices plummet, tens of thousands of small farms go under and surviving farmers don't have any money to waste on veterinarians



1894

Carey Land Grant Act granted land to western states after irrigation provided by the states.

Japanese-Chinese War: Japan takes Formosa (Taiwan) and Port Arthur

Italy defeated by Abyssinians and forced out

1895

Mulford Company of Philadelphia (later Merck Sharp & Dohme) began to produce and test diphtheria antitoxin in the United States.

Insects shown to spread plant diseases.

Mr Gillette invents the first safety razor

Mr Marconi invents the radio

Willem Einthoven distinguished five different phases (deflections) of electrical current shown in a electrocardiogram, which he named P, Q, R, S and T. (1895)

German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovers X rays.

Cuban revolution against Spain


1896
First vaccine for typhoid fever.

Beginning of Klondike Gold Rush

London street scene circa 1900
The 1893 Columbian Exposition (celebrating 400 years since Columbus' 1492 discovery of America covered more than 600 acres, featuring nearly 200 new (but purposely temporary) buildings of predominantly neoclassical architecture, canals and lagoons, and people and cultures from 46 countries.
More than 27 million people attended the exposition during its six-month run. Its scale and grandeur far exceeded the other world fairs, and it became a symbol of the emerging American Exceptionalism, much in the same way that the Great Exhibition of 1851 became a symbol of the Victorian era United Kingdom.   Read more about the amazing Chicago World's Fair and it's relevance to veterinary medicine in the column to your left below.
1897  My ancestor, Sir Ronald Ross working as  British Army Physician and researcher discovers that the bacterium that causes malaria and more importantly that it is carried in the saliva of mosquitos.  This helps establish the idea of the role of insect and rodent vectors in the transmission of disease and quickly results in mosquito control programs and the use of mosquito netting in attempts to prevent getting this devasting disease.
It will also lead, a few  years later, to Dr Walter Reed and his team proving that yellow fever ... was a virus (the first virus discovered that causes disease in humans) transmitted by mosquitos. 

Yellow fever was responsible for tens of thousands of deaths and killed many more soldiers in the recent war in Cuba than Spanish bullets. 

This disease, also, more than corruption, graft, and equipment failures caused the French to abandon the building of the Panama Canal. 

And it was this disease that killed so many of Napoleon's troops in Haiti (Saint-Domingue at the time) ... which he planned to use as a staging area for an attack on New Orleans in hopes of a securing the whole Mississippi valley for France.... that he had to give up on this plan and ended up, instead, selling all of "the Louisiana Territory" to President Jefferson a few years later.


First vaccine developed for Bubonic plague

Tea Importation Act passed, the first U.S. law regulating food products.

Concluded that disease could be caused by depriving body of certain substances, later defined as vitamins.

Turkey declares war on Greece and loses Crete

1898

Congress authorized testing of seeds purchased on open market.

The college of Veterinary Medicine at Washington State University was founded in 1899 beginning with a single $60 shed.

It is the fifth oldest veterinary college in the United States and sixth oldest among the veterinary colleges in the U.S. and Canada.

From these modest beginnings, the Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine has developed into a multi-million dollar state-of-the-art complex serving the entire Pacific Northwest

Spanish-American War ending the Spanish empire

Paris subway opens

Count Von Zepplin builds his Airship


Dr Walter Reed and his team were to discover, in 1900, the first virus causing disease in humans, but in 1898, German scientists identify the virus that causes foot-and-mouth disease in animals. 

This is the first virus ever identified and rocked the scientific world who were just coming to grips that there were little organisms called bacteria that could cause disease. 

Now, first the Germans, and then Walter Reed was proving that there were disease causing organisms quite different from bacteria and even smaller.

1899

Aspirin first manufactured

First magnetic recording of sound

Boer War starts

Sigmund Freud interpets dreams

Boxer revolt in China kicking out all foreigners


So... welcome to the exciting 1900's where discoveries and changes in veterinary science, human medicine, agriculture, science, industry, social attitudes, life style, life span, government, war, world power, and politics occur so rapidly and dramatically it's hard to believe.  Including airplanes, television, and several trips to the MOON!  And CELL PHONES!  Atom Bombs and Bikini's (these two things are related and to find out why, check out my page about the 1940's)



The Columbian Exposition of 1893 ...better known as the  Chicago World's Fair represented a major turning point in history highlighting new things that would change the world; introducing electricity, the automobile, the Ferris Wheel, the motorized walkway, Cracker Jacks, and American Exceptionalism. 

The introduction of the automobile just about wiped out the veterinary profession which at the time was 95% oriented on servicing the horse.

But guess what; the automobiles introduced at the Chicago World's Fair weren't powered by gasoline:

The Chicago World's Fair was a coming out party for our nation proving that American innovation was second to none. Edison, Telsa, and Westinghouse were there demonstrating electricity. 

And there was a little horseless car being shown off called the Morrison Electric patented just 2 years earlier.

At the time, cars were relatively new.  Carl Benz had introduced his internal combustion-powered car 8 years earlier in 1885.  But electric vehicles were quieter, cleaner, and in many ways better.  Within 4 years of the Chicago Fair there were quite a few electric taxis in New York City and London.  By 1900, almost 40% of all cars were electric, about 40% were steam powered, and only 20% powered by gasoline.

And then everything changed when Henry Ford introduced the Model T (1908) and Charles Kettering invented the electric starter motor.  Within a decade the electric car all but disappeared.   The gasoline or diesel powered engine has dominated transportation ever since.... but I think this dominance is about to end... a new era is just a few years away


Website Directory

Home    The Human-Animal Bond     The History of Veterinary Medicine    About our No Kill Shelter     The FoxNest Veterinary Hospital     


"What To Expect When You Go To The Vet"
if your pet should have a problem with ...

Abscesses, wounds, and injuries

Arthritis, Lameness, Fractures, and Ligament Injuries
To include Femoral Head Removal, Hip Dysplasia, Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries, Panosteitis, Radiographic Demonstrations, Disc Disease, and Bone Surgery

Bladder, Urinary Tract, & Kidney Problems

Blood Diseases, Anemias etc
Strokes, Vascular Diseases, Anemias, DVT, DIC, Blood Parasites, Rat Poison, & Bleeding disorders

Cancer, Masses, Lumps and Bumps

Cardiology  Heart disease in Cats, Cardiac Hypertrophy, Valvular disease, Cardiac Insufficiency, Congestive Heart Failure, Heartworm Disease, and a little history about the milestones in treating heart disease

Cats: general information page and directory of diseases and problems specific to cats including vaccine recommendations, leukemia, feline viral infections, feline upper respiratory disease and cats that just aren't feeling well.

Dentistry and problems of the mouth and throat

Dermatology: Skin problems including allergies, rashes, bacterial infections, and itching. Hair Loss, Yeast Infections, Hormonal Problems

Diabetes

Ear Infections and Other Ear Problems

Eye Problems  and Ophthalmic Diseases

Exotics:  Pocket Pets, Rabbits, Hamsters etc

Fleas, Ticks, and other parasite problems

Heart disease; Cardiac diseases, vascular diseases, stroke, & heartworms

Hormone Diseases: Diabetes, Thyroid Disease, Cushing's Disease or Hypercortisolism, Addison's disease or Hypocortisolism, Pancreatitis, obesity as a disease

Infectious Diseases  Colds, Distemper, Parvo, Leptospirosis, Bruceellosis, Panleukopenia, Feline AIDS, Leukemia, Hepatitis, Kennel Cough, Ringworm, Rabies, FIP, Canine Herpes, Toxic Shock Syndrome, & More

Intestinal problems: diarrhea, constipation, torsion, indigestion, and gas. Also pancreatitis, vomiting, esophagitis, colitis, parvo and other types of dysentery

Kidney Disease

Liver Diseases     

Metabolic Diseases: Diabetes, Thyroid Disease, Cushing's Disease or Hypercortisolism, Addison's disease or Hypocortisolism, Pancreatitis, obesity as a disease

Neural Problems and Diseases: Epilepsy, Rabies, Distemper, FIP, Paralysis, Tetanus, Seizures, Disc Disease, Toxoplasmosis & others

Obesity; new information and about Pfizer's new FDA approved treatment

Pancreatitis

Parasite Problems Fleas, Ticks, Heartworms, Intestinal Worms, Mosquitos, Lice, Mites, and other welfare recipients

Poisons  Snakes, Insects, household chemicals, plants, and foods that might poison your pet

Respiratory Diseases

Senior Pet Page: Geriatric Medicine

Skeletal-Muscular Problems Arthritis, Fractures, ACL, Ligament Injuries, Disc Disease, Pannus, and many other problems of the bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments

Skin Problems: allergies, rashes, bacterial infections, and itching. Hair Loss, Yeast Infections, Hormonal Problems

Surgery: Spays, Castrations, Testicle Recipes, Soft Tissue Surgery, Hard Tissue Surgery (Bones), C- Sections, Declawing, Tumor Removal and Cancer Surgery

Wounds, punctures, injuries, and abscesses

Urinary Tract Diseases and Problems


Other Topics on This Site

The Human-Animal Bond

History of Veterinary Medicine; lots of interesting stuff    

Zoonotics: Diseases, worms, and parasites people get from pets.

Lab Tests and what they tell us

Medications/Pharmacy Page

Nutrition & Diets
Includes information about Prescription diets used to treat disease, and a discussion about the pet food industry

Reproduction, breeding, & rearing information
Includes information about feline and canine heat or estrus, breeding, C-Sections, pyometra or Infected Uterus, dystocia, no milk, mastitis, & brucellosis
Also newborn care, undescended testicles, and alternative to spaying and castration

Vaccine and other preventive health recommendations

WildLife Page:  Taking care of baby bunnies, squirrels, and birds.  A very funny story about beavers, and other misc information

Our Dog Page:  a directory of problems of concern in dogs including parvovirus, distemper, canine herpes, and other diseases

Veterinary Pet Insurance