Small Animal
Veterinary
Surgery


Introduction

To keep prices down in this very competitive business we vets often skip things that would be routine in human surgery.  This is not ideal, but luckily it usually works out. We do this for practical reasons.  We vets are highly skilled at successfully making do with what we have.

This is not our choice. We'd rather be like human surgeons with several operating assistants, a seperate doctor passing gas, monitoring EKGs, blood gases and electrolytes, nurses giving IV fluids etc.

But such a team would cost several thousand dollars an hour, so in veterinary medicine we keep it pretty basic. Otherwise, if we didn't keep prices down, pets would instead be "put to sleep" or wouldn't be neutered etc.

On the other hand, I caution you from choosing the cheapest veterinarian.

There are some things that are worth the extra cost in some patients, and we'll recommend them whenever we think they're needed. 

On this page, I outline what to expect when your pet needs surgery.  Many of the things I'll discuss are probably not necessary in young and healthy patients needing routine or minor surgery ... but will be critically important in other patients.  Hopefully this page will help you understand what's involved and what your choices will be.  But my main advice will be to trust your veterinarian to recommend what's needed.

I discuss different surgeries more specifically on other pages .... see the links to your left

God Bless, Roger Ross DVM

What To Expect When You Go To The Vet When Your Pet Needs Surgery

Before Surgery:

A few basics;  A presurgical exam to make sure your pet doesn't have a fever, isn't dehydrated, in heat, has a heart murmer, isn't fighting an infection and so forth.

We will ask you to sign a consent form and use it as a device for making sure you understand that anesthesia and surgery is a serious business and that you need to make some serious choices about options designed to maximize the safety and comfort of your pet.

Such choices will include:

- Various lab tests to make sure there aren't hidden problems that would make anesthesia extra dangerous

- Pre-surgical pain management

- Pre-surgical sedation which makes anesthetic induction smoother and reduces the amount of anesthetic needed

Click here to go to our page about pre-surgical considerations


The Basics of any Surgery

Your vet will perform at least a basic pre-surgical exam to  assess hydration, temperature, pulse, and other vital signs.

It's important to make sure your pet has an empty stomach prior to anesthesia

You or your vet will need to choose whether or not to insert an IV line and run IV fluids.  Some vets will require this in all cases.  Others will leave this as an option for minor surgeries on young healthy animals.  The only reason to omit this step is to reduce cost. 

One advantage is an instant access to a vein if emergency medications are needed.
A bigger advantage is that any anesthetic and surgery combination is very stressful to your body and very dehydrating ... equivalent to running a marathon.  Keeping a patient well hydrated and electrolytes well balanced prevents metabolic disasters, flushes out unwanted toxins and anesthetic metbolites that result in any surgery, and greatly smoothes out and speeds up recovery.

You or your vet will need to consider doing some lab work prior to anesthesia and surgery.  How much lab work will depend on the type of surgery and the standards of your vet.  More expensive and sophisticated vets are likely to insist on extensive lab work to cover all the safety bases.  Less expensive operations are likely to stick to the basics.

Basic lab tests typically include:

BUN/Blood Urea Nitrogen and/or Creatinine:  screening tests for kidney disease and hydration

Liver Enzymes: a screening test for liver disease

Glucose Level: a screening test for diabetes and stress

Pack Cell Volume: a screening test for anemia

Total Protein: a screening test for the immune system, liver function

Additional tests that will be considered depending on the age and condition of the patient and the type of surgery being done:

Complete Blood Count:  information about platelet numbers, presence of infection, severe inflammation, anemia

Electrolyte panels, Alk Phos levels, pancreatic enzymes, protein panel, cholesterol levels, and thyroid tests all to give us a much more extensive picture of the patient's total health.  And from a practical stand point, commercial labs often offer all this information for only a few dollars extra when combined with a Complete Blood Count, Pack Cell Volume, Glucose and kidney tests.

Clotting time tests to make sure there aren't any clotting problems

Radiographs may be appropriate for abdominal exploratory cases, cancer cases, and certainly for bone surgery, gall bladder surgery, and bladder surgery.

Pre-surgical antibiotics in cases where infection is present or likely to be a post op danger such as in bowel surgery

Pre-surgical pain management

Pre-anesthesia sedation to smooth induction of anesthesia and to reduce the total amount of anesthetics needed

Anesthetic Monitoring:  this might be anything from the surgeon simply paying close attention to respirations and mucus membranes during a minor surgery to attaching probes and clips to digitally record and display EKG readings, Oxygen saturation, Pulse, Blood pressure, Temperature, and respiration rates.

Surgical Prep:  depending on the body part in question, we need to shave off the hair and make the surgical site as close to sterile as possible

Anesthesia:  this can range from local anesthesia for removing a cyst, to a combination of injectable anesthetic agents for short to medium procedures, to gas anesthesia via an intubation tube closely supervised by a trained anesthesiologist.

Oxygen Therapy:  This is automatic when on gas anesthesia but an option if injectable anesthesia is being used.  You might not know this, but both anesthesia and surgery are extremely stressful to the cells in your body.  Cell dehydration and cell hypoxia or lack of oxygen are the major problems associated with surgery.  We can counter this problem by supplementing with IV fluids and Oxygen.  Lack of oxygen to the cells is also painful.  Lack of oxygen to the cells increases the risk to heart attack.  And lack of oxygen greatly increases recovery time.

The Actual Surgery:  Often an anti-climax.  Sometimes the actual surgery only lasts minutes after all that time and effort in preparation.  And of course, the surgery may be long, intricate, and complicated.  Your veterinarian may work with traditional scapel and suture or use the latest in electro-cautery, lasers, and maybe even remote, micro-surgery techniques.  Your veterinarian may be a general practioner or a board certified surgeon with 3-7 years of post doctoral  training.  The cost may range from under $100 to thousands of dollars.



Extras:  Having a sedated patient is a great time to trim nails, remove a mole, apply dental fluoride or sealants, cut out matts and so forth.  Your vet may offer some extras while your pet is anesthesized.

Biopsy:  For cancer patients, your veterinarian may recommend biopsies following up surgery to identify the type of cancer present and also to see if cancer cells remain near the surgery site or near by lymph nodes

Recovery:  Patients after surgery need time to recover and have to be closely monitored.  A lot of patients have trouble regulating their body temperature after anesthesia.  We have to watch for aspiration.  We have to manage pain.  Sometimes we have to manage post anesthetic shakes and mini convulsions.  We have to manage panic.  We have to enforce rest.  Moving around too quickly after a major surgery is dangerous.

Medications:  For some diseases, surgery is only a part of the treatment.  Often medications will be indicated, special diets may be needed, and in diseases like cancer, chemotherapy and radiation therapy are complements to surgery

Follow Up and multiple surgeries: Some surgical problems, injuries and cancer cases will require follow up treatments and repeat surgeries

God Bless, Roger Ross, DVM

Trust your vet and his or her surgical team.  It's true that every once in a while, things go badly...but rarely because of a lack of caring or trying.

Imagine the progress made in surgery in the last 100 years
...we take so many blessings for granted
On This Page:

Introduction to Veterinary Surgery




On Other Pages


Home: AnimalPetDoctor:
A Listing of Topics

Considerations BEFORE
Surgery

Post Op Considerations

Spays (Ovariohysterectomies) in Dogs, Cats, and Other Pets

C Sections
Includes an interesting short history about a women doctor pretending to be a man performing the first modern C Section

Castration in Dogs, Cats, and Other Pets.  Includes recipes for Rocky Mountain Oysters, Montana Tendergroins, and Swinging Beef.  What Viagra is made from.

Declawing Cats

Ear Cropping

Debarking

Cancer and Mass Removal

Fracture Repair

Abdominal Surgery

Using the Omentum

Soft Tissue Surgery

Descenting Ferrets, Skunks etc

Referral Veterinarians, Specialists, and Veterinary Colleges at your service

Hernia Surgery

About the Treatment of Injuries, Abscess', ETC

Home:Animal Pet Doctor






A perspective about Veterinarians vs Human Physicians that I liked from a recent article by Christopher J Allen DVM:


How can clients expect so much from us, we ponder, when they demand less from their own physicians.

Medical Doctors routinely make patients wait more than an hour from a scheduled appointment time.

They expect us to have instant answers to complex medical problems when their own doctors are puzzled for weeks or months before establishing a diagnosis.

On top of that, the MD only has one species or even one organ system to worry about.

But one of the biggest difference is in patient referrals.

Consider the scenario which routinely unfolds when a human patient has sudden severe pain in his right hip. The patient calls an orthopedist and is told that the doctor only takes patients by referral.

Then the family doctor is contacted and an appointment is scheduled for three weeks later. Finally, after much agony, the family doctor sees the patient and orders an MRI of the hip and lower back.

The MRI is scheduled for 10 days later. Two weeks after that, there is a follow up with the family physician.

The family physician reads the radiologist's MRI report and advises the patient to schedule an appointment with an orthopedic Surgeon.

Next available appointment? One month later. After about four months of excruciating pain, disc surgery is scheduled.

Bills later arrive from a family physician, a radiologist, an anesthesiologist, and orthopedic surgeon. Also from an MRI facility, a hospital and a physical therapist.

And each medical practitioner sleeps soundly knowing that they did not commit malpractice by treading in an area in which they were not fully knowledgeable and skilled.

When the owner of a grossly overweight German Sheperd, on the other hand, calls your office complaining that the dog has a sudden leg pain, you are expected to see the patient at once, diagnose the problem with two plain x rays, schedule hip surgery within a week and return the dog to its owner with the expectation that it will be walking limp free in a month.
Physical therapy is not available, of course, and it goes without saying that you have managed to avoid any anesthetic complications with this over weight dog.

It's amazing how often we, as vets, can do all this...but what happens when things don't go perfectly?

What if the limp doesn't go away?

Or there are anesthetic complications?

What happens when the client tells the judge that if she had known better diagnostics were available, she never would have hesitated to pay to have them performed?


Let me add a little to this article...

What if things don't go great and she finds out you only perform a few hip surgeries a year and are therefore not considered an expert in this field? Even if you did recommend referral but she didn't want the extra expense.  Hoo boy.

We vets avoid most legal problems by being realistic, communicative, and honest with our clients...but you the pet owner must also be honest.  Please let your vet know about your expectations.

If you want to skip tests and radiographs and so forth due to expense, that's understandable; but you shouldn't complain in hindsight if that turns out to be a bad decision.

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"What To Expect When You Go To The Vet"
if your pet should have a problem with ...

Abscesses, wounds, and injuries

Arthritis, Lameness, Fractures, and Ligament Injuries
To include Femoral Head Removal, Hip Dysplasia, Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries, Panosteitis, Radiographic Demonstrations, Disc Disease, and Bone Surgery

Bladder, Urinary Tract, & Kidney Problems

Blood Diseases, Anemias etc
Strokes, Vascular Diseases, Anemias, DVT, DIC, Blood Parasites, Rat Poison, & Bleeding disorders

Cancer, Masses, Lumps and Bumps

Cardiology  Heart disease in Cats, Cardiac Hypertrophy, Valvular disease, Cardiac Insufficiency, Congestive Heart Failure, Heartworm Disease, and a little history about the milestones in treating heart disease

Cats: general information page and directory of diseases and problems specific to cats including vaccine recommendations, leukemia, feline viral infections, feline upper respiratory disease and cats that just aren't feeling well.

Dentistry and problems of the mouth and throat

Dermatology: Skin problems including allergies, rashes, bacterial infections, and itching. Hair Loss, Yeast Infections, Hormonal Problems

Diabetes

Ear Infections and Other Ear Problems

Eye Problems  and Ophthalmic Diseases

Exotics:  Pocket Pets, Rabbits, Hamsters etc

Fleas, Ticks, and other parasite problems

Heart disease; Cardiac diseases, vascular diseases, stroke, & heartworms

Hormone Diseases: Diabetes, Thyroid Disease, Cushing's Disease or Hypercortisolism, Addison's disease or Hypocortisolism, Pancreatitis, obesity as a disease

Infectious Diseases  Colds, Distemper, Parvo, Leptospirosis, Bruceellosis, Panleukopenia, Feline AIDS, Leukemia, Hepatitis, Kennel Cough, Ringworm, Rabies, FIP, Canine Herpes, Toxic Shock Syndrome, & More

Intestinal problems: diarrhea, constipation, torsion, indigestion, and gas. Also pancreatitis, vomiting, esophagitis, colitis, parvo and other types of dysentery

Kidney Disease

Liver Diseases     

Metabolic Diseases: Diabetes, Thyroid Disease, Cushing's Disease or Hypercortisolism, Addison's disease or Hypocortisolism, Pancreatitis, obesity as a disease

Neural Problems and Diseases: Epilepsy, Rabies, Distemper, FIP, Paralysis, Tetanus, Seizures, Disc Disease, Toxoplasmosis & others

Obesity; new information and about Pfizer's new FDA approved treatment

Pancreatitis

Parasite Problems Fleas, Ticks, Heartworms, Intestinal Worms, Mosquitos, Lice, Mites, and other welfare recipients

Poisons  Snakes, Insects, household chemicals, plants, and foods that might poison your pet

Respiratory Diseases

Senior Pet Page: Geriatric Medicine

Skeletal-Muscular Problems Arthritis, Fractures, ACL, Ligament Injuries, Disc Disease, Pannus, and many other problems of the bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments

Skin Problems: allergies, rashes, bacterial infections, and itching. Hair Loss, Yeast Infections, Hormonal Problems

Surgery: Spays, Castrations, Testicle Recipes, Soft Tissue Surgery, Hard Tissue Surgery (Bones), C- Sections, Declawing, Tumor Removal and Cancer Surgery

Wounds, punctures, injuries, and abscesses

Urinary Tract Diseases and Problems


Other Topics on This Site

The Human-Animal Bond

History of Veterinary Medicine; lots of interesting stuff    

Zoonotics: Diseases, worms, and parasites people get from pets.

Lab Tests and what they tell us

Medications/Pharmacy Page

Nutrition & Diets
Includes information about Prescription diets used to treat disease, and a discussion about the pet food industry

Reproduction, breeding, & rearing information
Includes information about feline and canine heat or estrus, breeding, C-Sections, pyometra or Infected Uterus, dystocia, no milk, mastitis, & brucellosis
Also newborn care, undescended testicles, and alternative to spaying and castration

Vaccine and other preventive health recommendations

WildLife Page:  Taking care of baby bunnies, squirrels, and birds.  A very funny story about beavers, and other misc information

Our Dog Page:  a directory of problems of concern in dogs including parvovirus, distemper, canine herpes, and other diseases

Veterinary Pet Insurance


I forget what surgery we were doing in this picture... but I'm the good looking one.